Why Do We Still Have an Embargo of Cuba - 1688 Words

Summary In the article, â€Å"Why Do We Still Have an Embargo of Cuba?† Patrick Haney explores the history of the embargo and the different factors which have maintained and tightened its restrictions over the past fifty years. The embargo consists of a ban on trade and commercial activity, a ban on travel, a policy on how Cuban exiles can enter the U.S., and media broadcasting to the island. These once-executive orders now codified into law by the Helms-Burton Act, have become a politically charged topic which wins and loses elections, spawned influential interest groups, and powerful political action committees. One year and a half after Castro’s forces took power in Cuba, President Eisenhower first imposed an embargo on Cuba, with the†¦show more content†¦Bush opposed the Cuban Democracy Act, which would tighten restriction on state. Candidate Clinton wins the support of the Cuban-Americans and the election by receiving twenty percent of the Cuban-American vote, up from Dukakis’s previous five percent in 1988 (Haney, 2010). Tapping into this typically right-wing group, Clinton forced Bush to additional time and money in Florida, which restricted his ability to campaign in other parts of the country. To please Cuban-Americans, Clinton signed the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act (Helms-Burton law), which codified years of executive orders into law and further tightened restrictions. Primarily in the volatile South Florida and New York City areas, candidates will take particular care in pleasing Cuban-Americans, as they are a powerful voting bloc that has continually altered elections (Haney, 2010). In the 2000 presidential election, Governor Bush promised to enforce the Helms-Burton law, and won over 80% of the Cuban-American vote in Florida (Congress, 2010). This state officially cast 537 more votes for Bush than for Gore, which means that the Cuban-Americans essentially secured Bush’s victory. Upon assuming office, Bush appointed Cuban-American hard-liner Otto Reich, to a top position in the State Department. The appointment was blocked by the Senate, but Reich eventually a recess appointment. As another act of appreciation, Bush appointed a Cuban-American to Secretary of Housing andShow MoreRelatedEmbargo on Cuba984 Words   |  4 PagesEmbargo on Cuba The U.S. imposed an Embargo on Cuba on Oct. 19, 1960. Has the time come for the United States to lift the 5-decade embargo? The Embargo on Cuba was a part of America’s Cold War strategy against the Soviet Union, imposed on the basis that Cuba was a threat to the U.S. National Security because of their alliance with the Soviet Union. Although Cuba would like the U.S to terminate the embargo against their country, the U.S. wants Cuba to make their situation a better living environmentRead MoreThe Warming Of Relations Between Cuba And The United States1285 Words   |  6 PagesA controversial subject,yet not spoken about enough,the warming of relations between Cuba and the U.S exists only due to the two countries having a rough past with each other. This â€Å"rough past† consists of aspects such as the protectorate status the U.S had previously put onto Cuba, which severely limited their independence and the U.S had, ironically, just helped them achieve. Some take a st ance that we as countries should stay distant from each other due to our vast governmental and cultural differencesRead MoreEssay Reconciling the Cuban Embargo1249 Words   |  5 Pagesbe as lucky with our embargo policy towards Cuba. A policy that may have a major impact on the US, both domestically and internationally, is truly only actively discussed in the swing state of Florida. Is the US heading in the wrong direction with this policy? Certainly the author thinks so, and if hes right its not likely that well receive a ticker tape parade at the end of journey like Corrigan did. Alex Lightman walks us through 78 reasons to end the embargo of Cuba. He does this by statingRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1517 Words   |  7 Pagesdiplomatic relations with Cuba were cut in 1961. Even prior to the break in relations, President Eisenhower agreed to a CIA-backed plan to overthrow Fidel Castro. When John F. Kennedy was elected, he was informed of the CIA s plan. The newly elected president, unfortunately approved of the plan to attempt an uprising in Cuba against Fidel Castro. Before the Bay of Pigs invasion was developed; the United States tentatively backed Castro, in hopes of keeping a good relationship with Cuba. During the shortRead MoreShould the Cuban Embargo be Lifted?1940 Words   |  8 PagesIs the Cuban Embargo a cruel reminder of the Cold war, or is it an important factor of American Democracy fighting the spread of Communism? The Cuban Embargo was a declaration issued by American President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The embargo was issued because of the threat that the Communist government of Cuba, led by Fidel Castro in 1959, had on American security, assets and democracy at the height of the Cold War. Some 1.8 billion worth of industrial assets were lost with Cuban communist nationalizationRead MoreCub A Long History With Cuba2896 Words   |  12 PagesThe United States has had a long history with Cuba. Within that long history came many arguments and accusations, such as the demand that Castro request that the U.S. embassy staff be reduc ed. Following that request came an outrageous accusation stating that the embassy was being used as a foundation for spies. This made U.S. officials think that Castro’s government was too anti-American to be trusted. Castro started nationalizing foreign property and companies as a response to the U.S., so the UnitedRead MoreCub A Destination Page Build Out997 Words   |  4 PagesCuba - TravelStore Destination Page Build Out TRIPS TO CUBA ARE BECOMING EASIER FOR AMERICANS BY AIR, LAND AND SEA. With a fascinating culture and music scene, Caribbean s largest island, Cuba, offers a glimpse into another world that s remote, yet lies just 90 miles off the U.S. coast. While Americans visiting Cuba still need to travel with a properly licensed operator, it s getting easier as more tour operators and cruise lines develop trips that enable you to visit this unique and fascinatingRead MoreThe Embargo On Cuba And The United States1781 Words   |  8 Pagesrelations with Cuba. Cuba and the United States have been hostile since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, when Fidel Castro overthrew the US-supportedbacked dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and established a Communist regime. The US rejected Castro’s bid for equal economic partnership because they wanted to maintain economic dominance. As such, Castro began seizing US assets, causing back-and-forth actions that culminated in Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy placing an embargo in 1960-61. The embargo was intensifiedRead More Polici es On Cuba Essay1888 Words   |  8 Pages Policies on Cuba In Juan Rulfos novel, Pedro Paramo, the reader follows a dusty road to a town of death, where the following is said ÓUp and down the hill we went, but always descending . We had left the hot wind behind and were sinking into pure, airless heat. The stillness seem to be waiting for someone. ÔIts hot here Ô I said ÔYou might say, but this is nothing. My companion relied. ÔTry to take it easy. Youll feel it even more when we get to Comala. That town sits on the coals of the EarthRead MoreEssay on Lift the Trade Ban on Cuba2012 Words   |  9 Pages Unlock the Gate to Cuba In the long and turbulent history between Cuba and the United States, it can well be argued that Cuba did not turn out quite like its other Latin American peers. Things seemed to be on the right track in the early 1900’s, when it appeared that Cuba was destined for a future of â€Å"independence†, like its neighbour Puerto Rico and it was yet another South American nation rife with the now atypical blend of affluent American investors and poor workers usually native to the land

Morning Raga By Mahesh Dattani - 1085 Words

Music has the power to bring people together. It can help in eliminating repressions and resistances. Music is a means of expression, it connects emotions. As a form of communication, music connects people with other human beings, their inner spirits, and their history in a way that words alone cannot. In other words, where words fail, music speaks. The film Morning Raga by Mahesh Dattani, revolves around three characters who are brought together by circumstance in a small village in South India. Each of them have been ruined by a tragic incident in their past, and now each of them finds succor in a shared love for music. Through the film, is noticeable how music guides the modern and traditional together, unify the past and present, and most importantly it brings fate and coincidence with individual choices. India is well-known worldwide for its rich cultural and traditional values, is full with a humongous abundance of music in so many forms. The film â€Å"Morning Raga† begins with people from a small village in South India boarding a bus to the city. On the way, the bus crashes into a car and goes off a bridge, where many passengers died. Swarnalatha is a tremendously talented Carnatic singer who since the beginning of the story has shown her passion and love for music. Her friend Vaishnavi always goes with her everywhere not only because they are really good friends, but also because she is her violinist. One day, Swarnalatha receives a letter, her longtime dream of

Explain the importance of Act 3 sc I in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Explain the importance of Act 3 sc I in Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is set in the 16th century. It is about two young aristocrats from families that were sworn to enmity. They fell in love and hoped that their secret love would bring an end to the family feud. However fate had other ideas; their families were instead torn apart by their (unions?) This essay attempts to explore the importance of act 3 scene I (sc) in the story. Act 3 sc I, is all about the hatred from Tybalt towards Romeo and anyone who associates with him. Act 3 sc I, is mostly important because it embodies all aspects, the love and hate, of the play. Act 3 sc I, focuses on the idea of dramatic irony. This is because we the audience know that Romeo has married Juliet and therefore this results in Romeo not striking Tybalt, because he has now developed a sudden respect for him. We know why Romeo is acting very friendly towards Tybalt; however Tybalt, Mercutio and other dont know why he is friendly towards the enemy. therefore building up tension in the audience. Act 3 sc I provides the actions which ultimately lead to the death of the protagonists. On one hand Romeo has just married Juliet, on the other he has just killed Tybalt and is faced with banishment, leaving him with nothing to do but run. Act 3 sc I is set in the Verona market square on a hot day. The day is hot and Mercutios mad blood is stirring, this means that he should be avoided. The fact that the Capulets are around suggests that a fight is to be expected, Benvolio is aware that the Capels are abroad and being the peacekeeper tries to persuade Mercutio to go back inside, lets retire. Mercutio is having a brawl with Benvolio about the sort of person he is, describing his own bad qualities in Benvolio who is in fact not at all violent. Many lines in this play hint that a fight should be expected soon. The main few lines are very close to the real fight. Line 58 thou art a villain. This phrase would be considered as a very nasty insult back in those times. This insult meant that you were a scoundrel or a peasant. This statement outlines the storyline of the play in some ways; this is because the story is about two families who want to prove that they are richer and more important than each other and as I have said Tybalt has just called Romeo a villain. Considering the time this play was written in, people would have taken this statement to heart and may have even killed because of it; therefore this is a very important line. It also important because this is the line that persuades Mercutio to draw his rapier. Another line that is important and is very close to the main fight is Away to heaven respective lenity (line 119). This line is important because it makes you, the audience, think Oh no! Whats going to happen now? this line is used very well in both, Baz Luhrman and the Zefferelli films. Luhrman uses this line by having Romeo whispering in Mercutios ear. He does this so that we have to listen with great concentration; he also does this so that he can create tension for the people who didnt hear the line. Zefferelli uses this line in his film so that everyone can hear Romeo. Romeo says this line where he is near crying therefore adding to the drama and tragedy of the film. Because of this the lines cannot be further improved. Was Malvolio's Treatment Justified EssayThe importance of Act 3 sc I in Romeo and Juliet is great. I say this because this scene influences the fate of Romeo after killing Tybalt. This scene is also very important because it underlines this play as a definite tragedy. After reading this play you can gain an insight into what it was like to be a teenager in those days. However the films show that Romeo and Juliet have left their teens behind. Act 3 sc I is an important scene because it embodies all aspects of the play. It shows that there is love and there is also hate, you can see this because when Tybalt meets Romeo, Romeo reacts as nicely as possible and Tybalt reacts with as much hate as possible. The whole of this play is based on the idea of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is what builds up the tension for the audience. The dramatic irony in this play turns the story back and forth, once again building up tension for the audience. The structure of the whole play leads to a tragedy. We can see this because of the timing, a very good example of the timing is when Romeo has just killed Tybalt, because Romeo has just married Juliet he wouldnt want to fight Tybalt as he is his kinsman; however he kills Tybalt and is banished. This is great timing as this builds up more tension and makes the audience think oh no! Shakespeare tells the audience of the consequences in most scenes. He does this in act 1 sc I line 90-91, this is where Prince Escales is telling the Montagues and the Capulets: If you ever do disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace and in act 3 sc I we can see that Mercutio, Tybalt, and Romeo have forfeited the peace, therefore they would, as the prince said, pay the forfeit of peace. Just before this scene Romeo and Juliet have just married, this scene, act 3 sc I, shows Romeo killing Tybalt therefore disturbing the peace, and building up tension as this is also a part of dramatic irony, as Romeo has not heard of this rule. This is evident because Lady Montague asks Benvolio whether he was close when the fight started. She does this straight after the prince leaves therefore indicating that Romeo was no present when the prince was talking of this rule. Due to the reasons given above I conclude that act 3 sc I is a very important part of this play. The scenes that I have mentioned in the previous paragraph influence the viewers thoughts, this is because they always build up tension and make you question over and over again Why? Why? Why?

Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music summary Essay Example

Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music summary Paper In the article, â€Å"Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music†, Simon Frith tries to show the aesthetic value of poplar music in the sociological field, while most of the academic musicologists think popular music, submitted to social forces, is aesthetically worthless. There are two different sociological approaches to judge the value of music. First is technique and technology, as Frith states, â€Å"people produce and consume the music they are capable of producing and consuming. † (Firth 498) But he also admits that these similarities between sounds and social group remain unclear. Secondly, popular music has different functions, and the most important function is commercial, but Frith argues against this notion for â€Å"even if pop tastes are the effects of social conditioning and commercial manipulation, people still explain them to themselves in terms of value judgment. †(Frith 499) The rock aesthetic relies on authenticity, which guarantees rock music’s independence from commercial logic. But those standards are misleading, and the author thinks we should better study how music creates this impression of truth. Frith suggests a different approach to defining popular music and popular culture. As he said in the article, â€Å"The question we should be asking is not what does popular music reveal about ‘the people’ but how does it construct them. †(Frith 500) To support his argument, Frith explains four social functions of pop music. First, the music we listen to can represent our collective or various identities and society. Second, music can help us manage our relationships through public forms of private expression. We also get to know ourselves through the music. Third, music allows the listener to live within a moment. It can be a strong instrument to our remembrance of things past. Such power of music defines whole generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fourth, the fact is that music can be possessed. What Frith realizes is that people feel they own the music and build it into their sense of themselves. After explaining the sociological functions of music, the author digs into the question of popular music aesthetics. He questions what makes popular music able to satisfy these social functions. To answer this question, Frith gives four points of his answer and tries to give suggestion for future critical work. His first point is brief. Pop music is complex â€Å"intentionally†, defined by Andrew Chester, while as European art music is â€Å"extensionally†. Frith thinks that in the 20th century, popular music has absorbed from Afro-American music. In his second point, he states that popular music has a strong vocal strength, and we react to the singer’s voice whether we understand the lyrics or not. It directly communicates to us through narrative structures. According to Frith’s third point, there are two different ways to analyze and classify musical genres in which music uses narrative structures to produce patterns of self-identification and to express different emotions. He suggests classifying popular songs according to their ideological effects. The author’s last point is even serious music cannot escape from being associated to our lives and being under social forces. In the end, Frith concludes that music has â€Å"some sort of collective, disruptive cultural effect†. Understand that popular music has an individualizing effect is key to finding its aesthetic values. Work cited Simon Frith. â€Å"Towards an Aesthetic of Popular Music† Writing in the Discipline: A Reader and Rhetoric for Academic writers, 7th edition. By Mary Kennedy and William Kennedy. Boston: Pearson, 2012. 497-509. Print.

The Colombia FARC Guerrilla Group

The Colombia FARC Guerrilla Group FARC is an acronym for Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia). FARC was founded in Colombia in 1964. Objectives of FARC According to FARC, its goals are to represent Colombias rural poor by seizing power through armed revolution, and establishing government. FARC is a self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist organization, which means it is committed in some fashion to the the redistribution of wealth among the countrys population. In keeping with this position, it opposes multinational corporations and the privatization of national resources. FARCs commitment to ideological goals has waned considerably; it often appears largely to be a criminal organization. Its supporters tend to join in search of employment, less than to fulfill political goals. Backing and Affiliation FARC has supported itself through a number of criminal means, most notably through its participation in the cocaine trade, from harvest to manufacture. It also has functioned, like the mafia, in rural areas of Colombia, requiring businesses to pay for their protection against attack. It has received outside support from Cuba. In early 2008, news surfaced, based on laptops from a FARC camp, that Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez had forced a strategic alliance with FARC to undermine Colombias government. Notable Attacks July 17, 2008: Eight civilians were kidnapped and held for a week before being released. FARC is estimated to be holding about 800 hostages.April 15, 2005: A cylinder gas bomb attack killed a child and injured over twenty civilians in the town of Toribio. The attack was part of FARCs ongoing conflict with the government. FARC has frequently been accused of causing unnecessary civilian deaths.June 3, 2004: 34 coca farmers were found bound and shot. FARC took responsibility, and said they had killed the men for support of right-wing paramilitaries. FARC was first established as a guerrilla fighting force. It is organized in military fashion, and governed by a secretariat. FARC has employed a vast array of tactics and techniques to achieve military and financial goals including bombings, assassinations, extortion, kidnapping and hijacking. It is estimated to have about 9,000 to 12,000 active members. Origins and Context FARC was created in a period of intense class turmoil in Colombia and after many years of severe violence over the distribution of land and wealth in the rural country. In the late 1950s, two warring political forces, Conservative and Liberals, backed by army power, joined to become a National Front and began consolidating their hold over Colombia. However, both were interested in helping large landowners invest in and use peasant land. FARC was created out of guerrilla forces that opposed this consolidation. The increasing pressure on peasants by the government and property owners in the 1970s helped FARC grow. It became a proper military organization and gained support from peasants, but also students and intellectuals. In 1980, peace talks between the government and FARC began. The government hoped to transform FARC into a political party. In the meantime, right wing paramilitary groups began to grow, in particular to protect the lucrative coca trade. In the wake of peace talk failures, violence between FARC, the army and the paramilitaries grew in the 1990s.

Profile of Christiane Amanpour

Profile of Christiane Amanpour Christiane Amanpour, CNN Chief Intl Correspondent for 20 Years: Christiane Amanpour, one of the worlds most honored broadcast journalists, was CNN Chief International Correspondent for 20 years. Shes also said to be the worlds highest-paid correspondent. On March 18, 2010, ABC News named Amanpour as moderator for its Sunday morning The Week interview program, starting on August 1, 2010. She left CNN after 27 years. An Amanpour report validates a storys importance. Shes often given insider access where other reporters are neither welcomed nor allowed. Shes an authority on Islam with extensive Middle East and worldwide connections. Recently Notable: Commented Amanpour on March 18, 2010, Im thrilled to be joining the incredible team at ABC News. Being asked to anchor This Week and the superb tradition started by David Brinkley, is a tremendous and rare honor and I look forward to discussing the great domestic and international issues of the day. Amanpour was in the Baghdad courtroom on October 19, 2005 when Saddam Hussein made his first trial appearance, and at Husseins initial hearing in 2004. Time magazine has called her the most influential foreign correspondent since Edward R. Murrow. Personal Data: Birth - January 12, 1958 in LondonEducation - From age 11, attended two Roman Catholic all-girls schools in Great Britain. Graduated Summa Cum Laude from University of Rhode Island in 1983 with a BA in Journalism.Family - Married since 1998 to James (Jamie) Rubin, US State Department spokesman under President Clinton; one son, Darius, born in 2000. Growing Up Christiane Amanpour: Born to Iranian airline executive Mohammed Amanpour and his British wife, Patricia, her family moved to Tehran soon after her birth. Christiane led a privileged life in Iran, and then at British boarding schools. She studied journalism in London only because her sister backed out of attending and couldnt obtain a tuition refund. Her family fled Iran, and became refugees, in 1979 during the Islamic Revolution. Shortly thereafter, Amanpour moved to Rhode Island to attend college. Christiane Amanpours Early Career Years: While a student, Amanpour interned at the Rhode Island NBC affiliate WJAR. After graduation, she endured numerous network rejections because she lacked the right look. She eventually landed an assistants job on CNNs international desk in Atlanta. I arrived at CNN with a suitcase, with my bicycle and with about 100 dollars. She was transferred to Eastern Europe in 1986, during the fall of Communism. It was there that her reporting caught the attention of CNN brass. Christiane Amanpour as CNN Foreign Correspondent: Amanpour was elevated to CNN foreign correspondent in 1989, where she reported on democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe. She first attained widespread acclaim for her riveting coverage of the Persian Gulf War in 1990, followed by award-winning reporting of the conflicts in Bosnia and Rwanda. Based in London, shes reported from war zones in Iraq, Israel, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Rwanda and beyond. Shes also secured innumerable exclusive interviews with world leaders. Amanpour Exclusive Interviews, Partial List: 2003 British Prime Minister Tony Blair, French President Jacques Chirac just prior to the War in Iraq2003 Mahmoud Abbas, first Palestinian Prime Minister2002 Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, in isolation in his Ramallah headquarters. (Arafat hung up on her after a shouting match.)2001 Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf during the war against Afghanistan1999 Mikhail Gorbachev on the 10th anniversary of Communisms fall1997 Mohammad Khatami, new President of Iran Awards and Accolades, Partial List: On June 17, 2007, Amanpour was named by Queen Elizabeth as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, which is only one step shy of knighthood. Professional awards include:2000 Edward R. Murrow Award for Distinguished Achievement in Broadcast Journalism2002 Harvards Goldsmith Career Award for JournalismTwo Emmy news/documentary awardsTwo George Foster Peabody Awards for BroadcastingTwo George Polk Awards for JournalismCourage in Journalism Award, International Womens Media FoundationMajor role in two duPont awards and a Golden Cable Ace award given to CNN Interesting Personal Notes: While attending University of Rhode Island, she became friends and shared an off-campus house with Brown University student John F. Kennedy, Jr. They remained close friends until his 1999 death. Christiane Amanpour is described as modest, private and quite magnetic. Her reporting is unfailingly hard-hitting, accurate and insightful. Shes often pictured on-camera sans make-up and in an ever-present, unglamorous flak jacket. She was named 1997 Iranian Woman of the Year. Memorable Quotes: Remember the movie Field of Dreams when the voice said, Build it and they will come? Well somehow that dumb statement has always stuck in my mind, and I always say, If you tell a compelling story, they will watch. I think that as a country that is so powerful, so good in its values, so determined to spread values such as democracy, morality around the world...its absolutely vital...that the people of the United States get a look at whats going on outside. Its our role and its our job to be able to go to these places and bring back stories, just as a window on the world. I remember once doing a live shot from a so-called famine camp in Ethiopia-and actually in Somalia as well. I was showing a man and telling his story and explaining how ill he was, and it was a live camera. All of a sudden, I realized that he was dying. And I didnt know what to do, I didnt know how to break that moment, how to get the camera away, what to do that would not sully what was happening in real life. And then theres always the crying and the weeping that we hear.....children, women, even men. And these images and these sounds are always with me....-...a strange thing has happened, something I never expected. Sadly, (my) marriage and motherhood have coincided with the demise of journalism as I knew it and I dreamt that it would always be. I am no longer sure that when I go out there and do my job, itll even see the light of air, if the experience of my colleagues is anything to go by. More times than I care to remember, I have sympathized with too many of them assigned like myself, to some of the worlds royal bad places. They would go through hell to do their pieces, only to frequently find them killed back in New York, because of some fascinating new twist on killer Twinkies or Fergie getting fatter or something. I have always thought it morally unacceptable to kill stories...that people have risked their lives to get.

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 1

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example By symbolism people consciously give shape and form to their own reality. Reality does not constitute of objects to which humans react, rather it is the social environment within which people act according to their own perspective of the situation. Any object or action can be called a symbol when it has a differentiated meaning from its actual self. An object or action becomes a symbol when it is not perceived by their apparent form but by the meaning applied to it by the members of the organization. For instance a large desk is not viewed as an object of convenience for various activities, but is regarded as a representative of the organization’s power, status and influence. Thus, the desk becomes a cultural symbol of the organization’s status (Schultz, 1995, p.76). Organizational culture is imbibed with abstract aspects like feelings, emotions and thought processes of people, and also with objects for their symbolic values rather than their instrumental values. Organi zational culture is thus not easy to manage since many profound aspects of culture like visions and feelings of people must be considered with great value when objective is to bring possible changes to organizational culture. This paper focuses on the interconnection of symbolism and organizational culture. ... In the last few decades, most academics have been suggesting that the idea of culture is the environment and the climate created by the organization for management of its people. Organizational culture is the system of feelings, thoughts and beliefs of a group of people associated with an organization, and the meaning that people attach to their actions. It reflects the views of the employees about the way things are done in an organization (O’Donnell & Boyle, 2008, p.viii). Thus, culture provides a sense of identity to an organization. The culture of an organization encompasses everything that it is good at and all the things that worked in the past. These concepts are generally accepting by the employees who have been working in an organization for a long period. When new employees join the organization, they learn about the legends of the organization. With time such legends become the norm which means they become the normal and accepted pattern of behavior. (O’Donne ll & Boyle, 2008, pp.4-5) In recent times management theories have been emphasizing on the managers the importance of creating a strong cultural ambiance within the organization (O’Donnell & Boyle, 2008, p.viii). The fascinating thing about culture is that it indicates a phenomenon that is hidden beneath the surface and is invisible but has powerful impact. Culture shapes the behavioral patterns of the members of a group through the common beliefs that are held in that group (Schein, 2010, p.14). It has been suggested that â€Å"culture and leadership are fundamentally intertwined.† (Schein, 2010, p.xi) There are three elements to this – 1) the leaders are

Social media in the moder business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social media in the moder business - Coursework Example Some employees have developed poor work ethics since the introduction of social media. It has also improved other people’s professional conduct. There are risks exposed to the businesses brought by social media. These risks affect the market in general and the digitalization of other sectors in the economy. This paper is going to highlight the changing nature of the relationship that exist between social media and modern business. It is going to show the findings made on the benefits of social media in business. There is an evaluation of technology, which will define the driving force behind the use of social media in business. The overall aims of this paper include showing why the business community is using the social media in its business activities. There are many important aspects of social media in businesses. The business will reach its target audience because it is a form of advertisement (Dave 2010, p 12-68). There is an assumption that many people have access to the social media. Thus, it is easy to market a business online. The challenge of any business is to find customers for goods and services. Different research papers have shown there are various customer segments in the social media. The current trend in business is using the segments to categorize the market. Social media offers a variety of businesses to the customers. They have designed search engines that make it easy for consumers to look for what they want. For example, Facebook has fan pages. Businesses can create their own page in such sites to reach customers. With this, they will attract new customers and expand their markets (Hendricks, 2012, p 56). There is increased relationship between the social media and the businesses. This is because there is reduced cost of production while using the social media (Qualman, 2012, p. 45). Media advertisement is expensive to use and very competitive. Managers prefer to spend less and gain much in business. This has caused a shift from

Supporting Immigration Essay Example for Free

Supporting Immigration Essay Our Nation is surrounded by immigrants, people of different nationalities, backgrounds, cultures and languages who add diversity and richness to our lives. I support immigration because it reminds us that we are a country of immigrants and we were once strangers in this land as well. In reality everyone is an immigrant to this country except the Native Indians, so we should all give a chance to the majority of people who want to travel here for just one simple reason, a better life. I actually think that our country would benefit from a sizeable amount of good hard working immigrants. Like Rupert Murdoch says â€Å"As an immigrant, I chose to live in America because it is one of the freest and most vibrant nations in the world and as an immigrant, I feel an obligation to speak up for immigration policies that will keep America the most economically robust, creative and freedom-loving nation in the world†. People argue how the foreign-born population in the United States tripled in the past four decades and currently totals about 37 million or 12 percent of the population today. However the immigrant’s percentage of the total U.S population is below the nation’s historic highest recorded data. Correspondingly, the United States is less a nation of immigrants now than a century ago, when nearly 15 percent of the population was foreign born. Other countries have proportionately larger immigrant populations. For instance, places like Canada have a 17 percent population of foreign born, Australia running in first place with 24 percent. Studies found that Immigrants and U.S. workers do not generally compete for the same jobs. Their skills and educational levels at the lower job levels are different than those workers who are born in America. Immigrants usually choose different occupations than the average American worker because that is the work that is available to them. These are jobs that U.S born workers wont take because they find those types of work unappealing. Like jobs that include dishwashing in restaurants, farm work, landscaping work, care giving, and low- level construction work. Showing that immigrants do not displace American workers, but instead supply labor that is very much needed and help the American way of life. To sum up, immigrants are not only needed for the low level jobs that Americans refuse to work in, but also the high level jobs. Those immigrants such as the computer experts and scientists have been recruited by companies that need their help because they cannot find U.S workers to do the job. When in reality these high level immigrant workers actually provide investment since they are valuable in fields that rely on high technology. Having a positive effect on the U.S economy and benefitting our country because of their creativity and willingness to work hard. Bibliography * http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/immigration_2.html * http://www.gcir.org/immigration/facts/statistics * http://www.workpermity.com/news/2006_10_16/us/immigrants_make_wages_better.ht

Essay --

Impact of the Radio The invention of the radio had an immense impact, revolutionizing the unity of society. â€Å"I live in a strictly rural community, and people here speak of ‘The Radio’ in the large sense, with an over-meaning,† said E.B. White in 1933. â€Å"When they say ‘The Radio’ they don’t mean a cabinet, an electrical phenomenon, or a man in a studio, they refer to a pervading and somewhat godlike presence which has come into their life and homes† (Lewis). The radio became a mighty weapon whose power involved spreading ideas to millions of listeners, who may otherwise never have heard those inspirational messages. Religious fanatics used to stand at the back of churches shouting radical nonsense, while others would ignore. Now, those fanatics have the opportunity to mass communicate their ideas to a much larger pool of people, furthering the chance for ideas to spread. The morality behind the messages of these ideas, however, is up for contention. The invention of the radio exposed the dual nature of the ability to mass communicate to millions of people instantaneously. President Franklin D. Roosevelt held a series of thirty evening radio addresses between 1933 and 1944 dubbed â€Å"fireside chats†. These fireside chats were the first media development that allowed for direct communication between the president and the citizens of the United States. Roosevelt spoke with a smooth demeanor in these chats, and â€Å"millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches,† (â€Å"The Fireside Chats†) skyrocketing his popularity. On air, â€Å"he was able to quell rumors and explain his reasons for social change slowly and comprehensibly,† (Yu, 2005). Especially useful for Roosevelt, the radio helped him to hide his polio symptoms help... ...ughlin and Hitler managed to use it to spread hatred. The four have in common that each was listened to and supported by millions of listeners. In 1933, the Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Josef Goebbels, said, â€Å"The radio will be to the twentieth century what the press was to the nineteenth.† The radio not only sped up communication, but also the words took on more personality as they were spoken with declamatory, fully animated voices. Issues with anonymity arose, as listeners over the radio can never truly be aware who speaks to them. At the very least, the invention of the radio exposed the influence of having emotion portrayed through voice as opposed to words read by the literate populace. So now, not only could the illiterate and literate be equally influenced, the persuasion could appeal more directly to the emotions instead of the intellect.

Kinds of System

Is a system that captures, enters stores, retrieves and processes the relevant details of business events, and generates the information/document necessary for running he organization and interfacing with external entities, such as customers. Transaction – Is the process of dlvldlng a body of data Into blocks and spreading the data blocks across several partitions on several hard disks. Features of Transaction Processing Systems 1. Rapid response – fast performance with rapid results 2.Reliability- well designed backup and recovery with a low failure rate 3. Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally. It may be used many times each day which means it has to be precise and inflexible 4. Controlled processing – maintain speclflc requirements for the roles and responsibilities of different employees. Types of -rps Batch processing Is where the Information Is collected as a batch and then processed later on. An example of batch processing is paying by che que.Batch processing is useful for enterprises that need to process large amounts of data using limited resources Batch Processing system Real Time Processing is where all details of the transaction are recorded and changed at the time as It occurs. Examples of real time processing are ATM's. The importance of data In transaction processing: Data security Is Important as data Is often confidential or has a commercial value, herefore, it needs to be protected from unauthorized access.Data accuracy means that the data is correct and that the data is up to date (current) Data integrity describes the reliability of data. This will include statements of data currency, correct entry of data and accuracy of the data. TPS serve two purposes. 1 . To support day-to-day, routine operations by being made accessible to those parts of the organization (as well as to external entities) where they are needed. 2. To feed 1 OFA effectiveness and efficiency of the operations. The computer system media ting between the humans and physical reality in an nventory application.Updates brought about by a transaction are of three types: Adding a new record, such as when a new customer signs up Changing an existing record, such as changes in credit available for a customer when that customer makes new purchases or returns already purchased products Deleting a record, such as when a product is discontinued TPSs are characterized by Large amounts of input/output Large number of users Huge storage requirements Low computational complexity Fast input/output as well as processing capabilities A high degree of concern for potential security related problems A high degree of oncern for reliability and fault tolerance.Five Stages of Transaction Processing Data Entry Processing Database Maintenance Document And Report Generation Inquiry Processing Management Information Systems Provide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals to support business decision making. A management information system is an information system that uses the data collected by the managers can use it to make routine business decisions in response to problems. Some of the reports that this information systems creates are summary, exception and ad hoc reports.All this is done to increase the efficiency of managerial activity. Most management information systems specialize in particular commercial and industrial sectors, aspects of the enterprise, or management substructure. Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm's underlying transaction processing systems[5] to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to ompile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. Exec utive Information Systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. Marketing Information Systems (MIS) are Management Information Systems designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.Office Automation Systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any nd all levels of management. School Information Management Systems (SIMS) covers school administration, and often including teaching and learning materials. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) facilitates the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manages the connections to outside stakeholders.Advantages The following are some of the benefits that can be attained for different types of management information systems. Co mpanies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations. Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers.The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Some disadvantages can exist when using a management information system in a company. Expensive Installing a management information system can be expensive for a company. Information technology†while cheaper today than previous years†can represent a significant expense, especially for larger organizations. These systems may also require ongoing support or upgrade fees, which can represen t future fixed cash outflows.Companies must create a budget to pay for these items to ensure the information system stays current with business technology. Attempting to integrate these systems with technology currently in use can also increase expenses. Companies may need to hire maintenance individuals to help keep an electronic information system running smoothly. These individuals often need experience in omputer science functions and other business topics. Not only does this increase labor costs, but it also requires additional training and ongoing education for these individuals.Business technology can change frequently, creating an environment where companies must have trained individuals who can properly maintain computers, websites, servers and other equipment in use by the management information system. Ineffective Management information systems have the potential to become ineffective in a company's operations. As with all computer systems, the management information syst em is only as good as the programmer. Gathering unimportant or non-essential information can delay business decisions because managers must request additional input.Spending too much time reprogramming or correcting issues can also increase the time spent in the decision-making process. Business owners and managers may also need extensive training on new systems, creating a learning curve that will hopefully diminish over time. Unemployment While information, Information Security Selection Software Evaluation Reports, they secure Information Exchange in an Insecure World, Lack of Job security, Dominant culture , there is no privacy, expensive, maintenance and ineffective.

Analyzing The House on Mango Street

Sandra Cisneros’ â€Å"The House on the Mango Street† weaves a thought-provoking, coming-of-age tale of a young girl. She is not only struggling to grow up to become a fine lady like usual American girls, but she is faced with shame, guilt and disappointment as her family is embarking on to acquire a new home in America. As the story comes to a full circle, the readers would inevitably commiserate with how the girl dealt with the scenarios she had faced.She did not only have to go through the complicated journey with her family to their new home, but she has to deal with the big disappointment that their new house is not what she hoped for. These difficulties definitely fanned some fire inside her – to become more determined and strive harder in the future. In the end, readers could predict her utter frustration why things are always tough for immigrant people like them in America. Related essay: Shame is Worth a TryPoint of View, Setting and CharactersSandra Cisnero’s â€Å"The House on Mango Street† has the ability to pinch one’s heart because the narrator’s point of view belongs to a young girl. Her family has to undergo an awkward transition of looking for a permanent place to live. Readers will immediately infer that the young girl’s family has Chicano roots because the girl enumerated the members of the family in beginning her story — Papa, Mama, Carlos, Kiki and Nenny.What’s admirable about Cisnero’s conversational style of story-writing is that everyone can relate to their experiences. At one point in anyone’s life, we all can identify with the travails of going through a house transfer. Anyone’s initial reaction will be to feel excited of how our new house will look like or who our new neighbors will be. Unfortunately, for the young girl, she is bound to be betrayed by her own expect ations.The setting of the story takes place in a suburb where Chicanos are living in. We can assume that this community is filled with Mexicans, Puerto Ricans or any previous residents of South American countries. These people, like all other immigrants, will always want to stay close to people who would understand them. Since this community is not the usual American neighborhood with homes that have freshly-mown lawns and white picket fences, the narrator is still hoping for the best about the house her father got them in Mango Street.For the narrator, Mango Street is more than street sign; it is her marker that circumscribes the dream that she and her family had brought with them. Her father and mother challenged themselves to cross their country of origin to United States, just to be assured of a better future. This new house will simply be one aspect of attaining their dream — to have a more comfortable life in this new place, in this new country. At the start, we can alm ost smell her overflowing relief of receiving the news about the new house.The narrator justifies that finally they no longer have to pay the rent, â€Å"share the yard with the people downstairs† and there won’t be anymore â€Å"landlord banging in the ceiling with a broom†. However, when she saw the house in Mango Street, she was disappointed. She becomes aware of her own subjective perceptions as she begins to differentiate her family’s wonderful dreams and society’s ugly realities. Thus, she becomes conscious of her parents’ inability to fulfill their promises of the perfect house. She thought that â€Å"They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house† (p. 223). However, the â€Å"real house† the narrator expected would be â€Å"like the houses on TV†:Our house would be white with trees around it, a great big yard and grass growing without a fence. This was the house Papa talked about when h e held a lottery ticket and this was the house Mama dreamed up in the stories she told us before we went to bed.But the house on Mango Street is not the way she told it at all (p. 224).Anyone could just imagine the look on her face when she saw their new house. The new house is just the opposite of what she expected. This fact also corresponds to the direct opposition to the words of her parents. This contrast between expectation and reality awakens her awareness of herself as a social being and provokes her own interpretations of the significance the house holds in her life.ThemeApparently, when the narrator saw the house on Mango Street, it transformed from being a symbol of hope to become a symbol of poverty. The narrator associates this realization with the humiliation she has felt in the past, when her family lived in similar places. She recollected back in Lonnis when a nun from her school accosted her:Where do you live? she asked.There, I said, pointing up to the third floor. You live there?There. I had to look to where she pointed–the third, the paint peeling, wooden bars Papa had nailed on the windows so we wouldn’t fall out.You live there? The way she said it made me feel like nothing. There. I lived there. I nodded (p. 224).We recognize that the society has been pushing the girl to feel ashamed of living in houses her family could afford to pay for. It is such a pity how people show obvious contempt to living spaces, when they should be more concerned how a young girl would feel in seeing their negative reactions. It is inevitable that the girl will be ashamed of her entire social and subjective position. Now, the narrator in the story sees the house as a symbol of the shame that threatens her own self-perception. For her, the house on Mango Street is an emblem of the oppressive socio-economic situation that circumscribes her life and is the source of her feelings of alienation. It is this alienation that becomes a catalyst for her desi re to distance herself from this house she does not to be associated with.Unfortunately, the house also becomes the narrator’s first universe. She begins here because it is the beginning of her conscious narrative reflection. She describes the house from the outside; this external depiction is an unkempt and negative description of the house that would translate to her presentation of her own self: She said â€Å"I knew then I had to have a house. A real house. One I could point to† (p. 234).By pointing to this dilapidated house, she points to herself: the house and narrator become identified as one, thereby revealing an ideological perspective of poverty and shame. Consequently, she wants to point to another house and this means she desires to point at another self. And as she longs for this other house and self, she also longs for another name. The dilemma of having this perception is that she will never have an opportunity to inhabit a special house and to fit into and find comfort. This is because her name, origins and culture will never be erased inside her.Stories of immigrants, like this, reveal the difficulties faced by the Latino population as they move in America in search of employment or to be reunited with family. Stories of women staring out of windows or having too many babies, trapped indoors because of jealous husbands, and unable to speak English, reveal both their fear of the dominant culture and the oppression of the patriarchal system in society.Tone and StyleThe story is light to read because it is meant to be narrated by a young girl. It is deemed that she is between 9 to 11 years old. She is doing all the narration in the story and it is her point of view that is magnified. The narrative situation is a familiar one: a sensitive young girl's reflections about her struggle between what she is and what she would like to be. She has voiced out that she wanted a new house where they can have their own room. However, because of their financial difficulties, she is bound to swallow her pride and just accept the dilapidated new house. Although deep inside her, she refuses to give up on her dreams and the hope that someday her family will have those houses she sees on TV.The frame of Cisnero’s short paragraphs is simple but highly effective. We could easily understand the whole story that the family has been wandering from place to place, always dreaming of the Promised Land, which is represented by having their own decent house. When they finally arrive at the house on Mango Street, which is at last their own house, it is not their promised dream home at all. The parents overcome their dejection by saying that this is not the end of their moving, that it is only a temporary stop before going on to the promised house.The narrator knows better. The conflict between the promised home and the harsh reality, which she always recognized, has been replaced by a full force of rejection, violence, fear and was te. Cisneros’ presented these emotions without compromise and without dramatization. This is just the way things are on Mango Street, but the narrator will not give up her dream of the promised house and she is determined to pursue it. The lesson she must learn is that the house she seeks is, in reality, her own individuality.ConclusionGrowing up in a place where you do not belong can be a depressing experience. Especially children, they will never seriously attempt to dissect their feelings and attitudes about being different to the people they see on TV and people they see around them.Thus, we all know now that Cisnero’s story is not just about dilapidated houses and â€Å"dream homes†. It could be linked to the girl’s status of growing up in America. Can she still achieve her dreams when she is living in shame and disappointment? Would her family be able to rise up from poverty? As America has transformed to become a melting pot of cultures, people hav e to be aware of this diversity. Cisnero’s story is just one slice of life that most immigrants in the United States have experienced. Indeed, we can learn from all these disappointments, shame and challenges we face.However, it is through understanding, knowing and respecting the diverse culture of our country that we could somehow ease the difficulties of immigrant people who have chosen to achieve their dreams here. Thus, in this story, Cisneros created a narrator, a storyteller and a mythmaker who draws upon old tales and new experiences to create the dreams of the culturally diverse neighborhoods in America.

Superfluous Existence essays

Superfluous Existence essays In juxtaposing the work White Noise by Don DeLillo and that of Paula Foxs Desperate Characters one finds similarities as well as stark differences. Both works address the pitfalls of modern life and the ills that pervade the portrayed societies, yet the authors approach their commentary on their constructed worlds in entirely different manners. The ills of society as seen by Fox and DeLillo, while not mirror images, are similar. Fox portrays a society that values style over substance while De Lillo paints a picture of a society approaching cultural death. I contend that both authors would agree that their novels address the superfluous existence that has cast its pall over modern society. While their views appear to be analogous regarding the superfluous nature of our society, it is their distinctly disparate approaches to this topic that makes the comparison of these two works interesting. DeLillos novel borders on surrealism. I am not alone in the ideas that DeLillo has a surrealistic bent; Arnold Weinstein mentions this when he calls DeLillos style cool to the point of being hip...exquisitely focused on the inane, the bizarre, [and] the surreal (288). I describe DeLillos work as surreal in that it paints a picture of a society that, while based on our own, has traveled down a path that might occur if our own jaded view of modern convenience were extrapolated to the fullest imaginable extent. Consider the thoughts that course through Jacks mind when he makes a trip to the automated teller and upon discovering that his bank showed a balance that roughly corresponded to [his] independent estimate...waves of relief and gratitude flowed over [him] (46). Granted one can experience something similar to this at an ATM of ones choosing, yet the use of the word gratitude adds an element of utter dependence upon the word of the bank, and furthermore infers tha...

Free sample - Negative Campaign Advertisement. translation missing

Negative Campaign Advertisement. Negative Campaign AdvertisementOutline I. Description of Negative campaigning It may possibly be described as â€Å"a form of an ad that is normally utilized by political aspirants during the campaign period to offer facts regarding unconstructive aspects of the opposing contender. II. Brief History of Negative Campaigning   In USA, during the 18th century, door to door campaigning was the main means of spreading information regarding an aspirant or a political party. III. Reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena There are several reasons which explain the rise of negative advertising in the contemporary USA. IV. Impacts negative forms of political communication may have on our system of government and democratic participation The negative forms of political communication may possibly pose a number of effects in the USA’s system of government and democratic participation. V. Analysis of political advertising Political advertising in the United States of America comprises any spread of information which backs or counters an aspirant for appointment to a public office. VI. The Detrimental and Positive Consequences of Employing Negative Ad Strategies Many electors detest this form these strategies. VII. The suggested negative effects of exposure to negative advertising It may possibly introduce thoughts of suspicion amongst the electorate. VIII. Effects of Exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout The decision by majority of America’s electorate to partake in a voting exercise is largely depended on exposure to political advertising. IX. Conclusion A key origin of predicament as far as political advertising is concerned is whether to make use of negative or positive advertising during the campaign period.       Description of Negative campaigning Scores of politicians across the globe, especially those who aren’t powerful and popular make use of negative campaigning to divert attention or even tarnish the popularity of their opponents. This type of campaign is usually stimulated by deceit(s) fashioned by one contender or more. This deceit may possibly turn out to be truthful to the electorate, and can make them not to vote for their initial preferred candidates. Negative campaigning crafts a non-conducive condition which alters the ability of the electorate to distinguish truthful information from untruthful one. Furthermore, it is capable of capturing electors’ interest as regards to a number of vital parameters affecting them such as the state of economy, and the unemployment rates. This type of campaigning may possibly be described as â€Å"a form of an ad that is normally utilized by political aspirants during the campaign period to offer facts regarding unconstructive aspects of the opposing contender.† It is broadly categorized into 2. The preliminary one is designed in order to launch a scathing attack on the challenger’s position on matters affecting the electorate. The second one is intended to launch a scathing attack on the challenger’s personality. Talking of USA, during the year 2008 campaign period, the Republican candidate, John McCain argued that his main competitor, Barrack Obama had no any experience concerning the USA economy, and therefore couldn’t manage to repair it subsequent to the ravaging effects of the recession that had threatened to tear apart our economy completely. This criticism was occasioned by the fact that John’s popularity was significantly low and also due to the fact that he had less experience regarding the economy. He couldn’t even explain the manner in which he could repair it (the USA economy) if elected. However, most Americans and the Media concurred with John’s remarks despite the fact that they were incorrect. Also, during this period, John’s camp and the Press at large considered President Obama an Islam simply because his middle name is â€Å"Hussein† in order to woo voters to vote for him (John McCain). Brief History of Negative Campaigning   In USA, during the 18th century, door to door campaigning was the main means of spreading information regarding an aspirant or a political party. Additionally, most contenders organized a number of gatherings especially at the city chambers so as to make vital speeches. They (the gatherings) were also aimed at strategizing their campaigns. The era between the start and the 9th decade of the 20th century was characterized by the usage of image advertisements at the commencement of a campaign period. This stage was aimed at setting up a positive image of a particular aspirant or political party. Subsequently, unconstructive/negative advertisements were utilized at the closing stages so as to launch a scathing attack against a challenger(s) or an opposing political party. But these tactics were discarded at the start of the 9th decade of this century (20th). The modern-day campaigning tactics on the other hand are structured in such a manner that the unconstructive advertisements are utilized right from the start to the closing stages. The use of media particularly the TV by aspirants to negatively spread political information has escalated to unprecedented levels (Thurber, Candice and Dulio 29). It has been well documented by well known researchers that TV advertising represents sixty to sixty five % of campaign financial resources (Hale, Fox and Farmer 330). The majority of campaign specialists are well versed with the fact that negative TV campaigning is capable of yielding the desired results within the shortest timeframe. Reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena A number of reasons which explain the rise this form of advertising exist. The preliminary reason is the Communication Act that came into law in the year nineteen hundred and thirty four (1934). This Act required the media not to broadcast any advertisement that is/was believed to be untruthful. However, deceptive advertising for political commercials is/was to be advertised. Two, in the year nineteen hundred and seventy six (1976), an alteration of the election campaign Act was made. This amendment was geared towards permitting campaign consultants to spend huge sums of money so as to back a meticulous aspirant. This money was also channeled towards commercial advertisement of the political party and candidates affiliated to it (Freedman, Wood, and Dale 40).   Three, many campaign consultants discern the fact that any aspirant who desires to be appointed by the public for a particular post must use it so as to amass the required votes. As a consequence, more and more contenders make use of negative advertising during the campaign period as a tool for convincing the voters that they are the best candidates. Four, in USA, in order for a political party to run a negative advertisement on a particular media station, it must obtain a permit from the concerned party. However, this permit is normally utilized liberally in the sense that there are no restrictions imposed as regards to the kind of information that ought to be featured or published in an advertisement. Impacts negative forms of political communication may have on our system of government and democratic participation The negative forms of political communication may perhaps facade a number of negative impacts. One, it is crystal clear that negative forms of political communication sprung at the start of the 9th decade of the 20th century. At that time, they were aimed at offering opposition to the office holders including the president. This state of affairs eventually gave rise to â€Å"negativism† (Freedman, Wood, and Dale 21). Two, it is perceived by many political analysts across USA as an acidic manipulator of the democracy. They have argued that due to the fact that it is characterized by aspirants employing various strategies in order to woo electors, the electors have significantly been repelled. As a result, a number of them end up not excising their democratic rights at the ballot, and are totally disillusioned by the leaders who use negative forms of communication so as to win elections (West 802). Three, in the recent times, it has turned out to be a strong political vehicle. This is attributed to the fact most candidates and their consultants use it so as to manipulate voting patterns. Four, there is a research that was conducted concerning the nineteen hundred and ninety two (1992) United States of America’s presidential and Senate elections. It found that this form of advertisement made many Americans not to trust the political processes. This significantly contributed to lesser voter attendance in the subsequent elections that were held in the year 1996. Five, negative forms of political communications have to an extent contributed to a decline in USA’s system of government. This has been occasioned by the low voter attendance in both the presidential and senate elections, and the electorate’s failure to trust the political system (Nimmo 23). Analysis of political advertising Political advertising in the United States of America comprises any spread of information which backs or counters an aspirant for appointment to a public office. Also, it may possibly comprise any spread of information aimed at backing or countering a ballot proposal. Political advertising may take various forms. One, written political advertising entails usage of billboards, pamphlets, fliers and more. Two, it may perhaps engross publishing of information regarding a candidate or a political party in newspapers such as the New York Times, and other types of publications. Three, political advertising may involve the spread of information to the voters via the radio, TV (television), and through an internet website.   Many political parties and aspirants across the United States tend to use Television to broadcast their commercials due to 2 main reasons. One, the information to be broadcasted is crafted and relayed precisely as desired. Two, it is known that TV is a key communicative connection in between the aspirants and the voters. Most political advertisements normally run for thirty seconds. They are properly designed in order to relay the most important information and capture the listeners/readers/viewers interest. In USA, there are a number of advertising companies which are mandated to trail and list different political advertisements. One of them is the â€Å"Wisconsin Advertising Project.† The Detrimental and Positive Consequences of Employing Negative Ad Strategies Various studies that have been conducted regarding negative advertising all over the USA by various researchers have shown that many electors detest these strategies. It has also been established that negative political advertising has slim chances of enabling an aspirant to garner more support from the electorate. Three, negative advertising strategies have a higher likelihood of causing pessimism amongst the citizens. Four, these strategies can make voters to lack interest in participating in major elections. Five, they (the strategies) have a higher likelihood of crafting uncertainties within the electors’ brain as regards to the capability of the target aspirant (s) to lead the nation or a State without any hitches. Six, the strategies pose a great peril of crafting empathy to the target aspirant(s). Fifth, the outcomes of an election in which the aspirants utilized negative advertisement strategies have been found to be poorer by scores of well known scholars all over the world. Seven, some of them (the scholars) after having conducted researches concluded that these types of strategies have explicit impacts on the electors, and therefore there is an urgent need for the relevant authorities to amend the communication Act so as to ban it or regulate the content to be aired. The positive consequences of negative political advertisement include the fact that it may possibly lessen the targeted aspirant appraisal. At the same time, it can swell the supporting aspirant voting intent. An American political scientist (Goldstein, K.), denies the fact that negative political advertising has can result to unconstructive outcome. According to him, if this advertisement is aired on a regular basis on the television during the campaign period, then the electorate is more likely to gain extensive facts regarding the candidates, and issues affecting them. He also argues that the more the electorate acclimatizes with these facets, the more they are liable to exercise their democratic rights by taking part in an election. Some scholars have argued that this type of advertising is a bad recipe for United States of America’s democracy. Others have suggested that it has a higher likelihood of restraining electorates’ participation. But in accordance with Kennedy, a great deal of this condemnation by the various scholars and researchers is based on a concept that USA’s electorates are not well educated, and therefore they are more liable to be effortlessly influenced by the ads. He states that â€Å"this type of advertising empowers the electorate’s capability to brightly select the best aspirant.†Ã‚   This is due to the fact most Americans have the intellect of pin-pointing differences as much as matters political are concerned. Kennedy however emphasizes that the campaign consultants ought to devise an ad which isn’t extremely despicable. He argues this is due to the fact that it has a higher chance of bouncing back on a political crusade. Furthermore, he advise s political consultants to ensure that they have substantiated the assertions they are intending to run on the television or publish. Kennedy reiterates that the unconstructive/negative advertisements are aimed at coaching the public. Constructive/positive advertisements on the other hand are geared towards amusing the electorates’ sentiments. According to him, unconstructive/negative advertisement is liable to be factual. In contrast, constructive/positive advertisements are less liable to centre on the policies of the candidate. Kennedy says that most voters pay heed to unconstructive advertisements because it has a huge prospect of unearthing the truth about the background of certain aspirants. He further laments that this form of ad has a long-history as much as the United States of America’s political scheme is concerned. As such, there is no need for its detractors to persist criticizing it. Kennedy asserts that the pronouncement of United States of America’s independence on 4th of the seventh month of the year 1776 is an unconstructive advertisement. Also, most candidates during the 19th century did not make use of the negative advertisements since at that time; television had not yet been invented (Chaptman). It has been documented by well known researchers across United States that those candidates who shift from one State to another in bid to raise money so as to fund their political crusades have a huge potential of running numerous ads on the TV and over the radio. Nonetheless, this kind of candidates end up disappointed if the ads don’t produce the most effective results.   During the November 2nd elections of the year 2004, one of the key policies of the Democratic candidate (John Kerry) was to increase the number of peacekeeping combatants in the war-torn Vietnam .However he was sharply criticized by several human rights watchdogs. According to them, this initiative had a potential of violating human rights and unconstitutional. Many political analysts have suggested the various reasons that made him to lose to the incumbent (George Walker Bush). One of the reasons is that John did not traverse the country to raise funds from well-wishers and other stakeholders. This meant that his camp couldn’t manage to pay for ads to counter ads that were specifically aired and published by the Republican candidate (Chaptman). The paid negative advertisements that were aired and published by the Republican camp made the electorate to turn out to be further acquainted with political matters, and as a result, they ended-up voting for Bush in spite of many criticisms that were leveled against him by critics such as the unwarranted invasion of both Afghanistan and Iraq (Chaptman). The suggested negative effects of exposure to negative ad Scores of voters, scholars, and researchers have suggested several negative effects of exposure to negative ads. One, it may possibly introduce thoughts of suspicion amongst the electorate. Two, negative ads were extensively used throughout the year two thousand and four (2004) elections that pitted George Bush, John Kerry and others. As a consequence, they crafted an element of squat/low self-value amongst the electorate. Three, some researchers have found that this form of advertisement has a higher likelihood of changing the electorates’ mind-set as regards to engagement in a number of democratic processes. These include referendums and Senate elections.   Four, owing to the fact that the negative advertisements are usually broadcasted during the campaign period, they create monotony. As a consequence, majority of the electorate protest against the real intention of this form of advertising. Five, some of them (the scholars) have argued that negative advertising is characterized by dishonesty. Also, they have argued that it is unjust since it is intended to tarnish the political supremacy of certain aspirants. Effects of Exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout There are 2 main parameters which explain the reason as to why most voters in USA take part in a voting exercise such as the election of the President and State representatives. One of them is the exposure to political advertising. This exposure can increase or lessen their curiosity as far as a particular voting process is concerned. Another one is the participation in political matters prior to the ballot day. It has been confirmed by well known researchers that the two determiners may possibly impact the electorates’ reaction sensitivity to negative advertisements. Furthermore, if the two determiners set off at a lower momentum, then negative advertisements are implausible to be effectual. This is due to the fact that the electorate may perhaps find the negative advertisements to be upsetting. Also, these advertisements may possibly fashion unconstructive sentiments towards the political leaders. The two determiners may possibly swell to unprecedented intensities. Furthermore, they have a higher likelihood of turning out to be further engrossed in the voting process. These have an impact of making the electorate to strongly react to negative advertisements. Negative ads have been found to generate fewer facts. This is has an impact of reducing the extent of sympathetic benevolence towards the aspirant during voting. However, owing to the electorates’ discernment that it was needless, he or she may possibly decide to reassess the sympathy for the aspirant. In United States of America, most presidential, senate and other elections may possibly feature a current office holder. These aspirants are usually at a better position to triumph over their rivals due to the fact the electorate are acquainted with a lot of facts concerning them.   Due to this reason, unconstructive advertisements aired against them (incumbents or current office holders) can have a repercussion impact. This is attributed to the fact that the incumbent’s advertisements may possibly swell to a larger extent the contender’s profile identification and have an impact on both the voter turnout and voting tendencies (Karen and Hensel, 67). It has been verified that those electorate who are autonomous (whose reaction to negative advertisements of the contestants is low) are likely to turnout in large numbers to exercise their democratic rights through voting. Conclusion A key origin of predicament as far as political advertising is concerned is whether to make use of negative or positive advertising during the campaign period. Negative advertising tactics normally poses a myriad of detrimental consequences not only to our political system but also to the electorate who are required by law to partake in a voting process in order to select their preferred candidates. For that reason, there is a need for the politicians to make use of positive advertising strategies since they are likely to breed a more cohesive American society. I strongly believe that the â€Å"prevailing† state of mind of political advertisement campaigns requires to be stabilized by an additional â€Å"fostering† point of reference. This will ensure that the ideologies of laissez-faire democracy remain sustainable.    Freedman, Paul, Wood, William, and Lawton, Dale. â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts of Negative Ads: WhatVoters Say†. Campaigns and Elections 20 (1999): 20-5. Hale, Jon, Fox, Jeffrey,   and Farmer, Rick. â€Å"Negative Advertisements in U.S. Senate Campaigns: The Influence of Campaign Context.† Social Science Quarterly 77 (1996):   329-43. Karen, James, and Hensel, Paul. â€Å"Negative Advertising: The Malicious Strain of Comparative Advertising.† Journal of Advertising, 20.2 (1991): 53-75. Nimmo, D. Political persuaders: The techniques of modern election campaigns. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2001. Rahn, Wendy M., and Rebecca M. Hirshorn. â€Å"Political Advertising and Public Mood: A Study of Children’s Political Orientations.† Political Communication 16 (1999): 387-407. Thurber, James, Candice, Nelson, and Dulio, David. Crowded Airwaves: Campaign Advertising in Elections. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. West, Darrel. â€Å"Television Advertising in Election Campaigns.† Political Science Quarterly 109 (1995): 789-809.

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Types of Behaviors Essay Example for Free

Types of Behaviors Essay Description: In this assignment, you will apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning, as well as the notions derived from cognitive explanations of learning. You will write a paper on one of two types of behaviors that can be readily explained from a learning perspective. Using a Microsoft Word document, write a 500- to 750-word paper that explains the development of one of the following behaviors. (Be sure to specify the behavior you are discussing in your paper.) *Fear-driven reactions to insects *Cigarette smoking *Aggression For the chosen behavior, use the models of learning to explain how the behavior may develop and be maintained, so that it seems to occur automatically. Learning is the only perspective considered so do not attempt to use other explanations (i.e., the psychodynamic or biological approach) in your answer. When preparing your paper, consider the following questions: * How might classical conditioning principles apply to the origins of the behavior and maintenance of it? Clearly indicate what the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are in your answer. * How might the principles of reinforcement discussed in operant conditioning apply to the behavior? Don’t forget that reinforcement can be either positive or negative in nature. * How do cognitive principles apply to the behavior? Specifically consider Albert Bandura`s ideas regarding imitational learning. Your paper should be well-written, original, free of grammar and spelling errors, and follow APA format.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Behavior can be defined as the sum total of all the actions and reactions performed by an individual in a given circumstance or situation in the environment.   Aggression is a behavior intended to cause harm or pain to others or the self.   It may be in the form a physical action or verbal.   The models of learning attempt to describe the manner in which an individual learns a particular behavior.   Some of the models of learning through which an individual develops aggressive behavior include classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical conditioning was a model of learning defined by Pavlov following his studies on dogs.   Pavlov found that when dogs were shown food their salivation increased (Braslau-Schneck, S., 1998).   Food in this case was an unconditioned stimulus that produced an unconditioned response (salivation) (Braslau-Schneck, S., 1998).   He then repeatedly presented a stimulus to the dogs which was slowly associated with food (such as footsteps).   Slowly the dogs began to associate the footsteps (which after constant repetition became a conditioned stimulus) and began to produce a conditioned response (salivation). In this way several other emotions such as fear and aggression can be conditioned in an individual (Braslau-Schneck, S., 1998).   In the famous JB Watson’s experiment over little Albert, Watson initially presented a loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) that made the body frightened and cry (unconditioned response) due to fear.   He then presented two stimuli simultaneously, that is a rat and a loud sound.   Over a period of time the boy began to associate the rat with the loud sound.   The rat with repetition became a conditioned reflex producing a conditioned response (symptoms of fear). A good instance of this with relevance to aggression includes presentation of an artificial hand that snatches away the food whilst a hungry dog is eating.   The dog would exhibit an aggressive reflex (such as barking which is an unconditioned response) to the artificial hand (unconditioned stimulus).   The dog is then presented a high-frequency sound (audible only to dogs followed) by the appearance of the hand.   Following repetitions, the dog would bark (conditioned response) after it hears the high-frequency sound (conditioned stimulus), and would not wait until it is presented with the unconditioned stimulus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Skinner’s operant theory, the individual when performing an action in the environment, experiences a stimulus (that encourages or discourages such behavior) which will directly affect the performance of such actions again in the environment.   It consists of a action and the results.   If positive reinforcement occurs following the action, the individual will perform the similar action again in the environment, and will also increase its frequency (Boeree, G. C., 1998).    However, if the action is followed by an aversive stimulus or negative reinforcement, there will be reduced chances of performing the same behavior in the future.   A good example of aversive stimuli is punishment, which can follow several aggressive acts.   Rigorous imprisonment can be pronounced for several criminal activities so that it can act as a negative reinforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Albert Bandura discovered the ‘social learning theory of behavior’ (Isom, M. D., 1998).   He considered that aggressive behavior is usually learned through a process known as ‘behavior modeling’, which can occur in different ways (especially by observing elders perform in case of children) (Isom, M. D., 1998).   A child may become aggressive and certain reinforcements may be experienced such as financial gains, rewards, praises from parents, reduction in internal stress, etc.   Parents and family members were often considered as models by the children, and acts performed by them were likely to be imitated.   The child will only perform the action of its model if the model was successful or is rewarded.    A classical experiment to demonstrate the social learning theory is the famous Bobo doll experiments in which the children observed elders attacking a doll, and later imitated the action of the elders.   This type of observational learning was known as ‘modeling’.   Children who have a tendency to demonstrate aggressive behavior should be identified immediately in order to prevent aggressive behavior and criminal activity, later in life (Isom, M. D., 1998). Bandura’s theory was comparable to Skinner’s theory because observational learning (as the child would learn only the actions that were successful or were being rewarded) is similar to a positive reinforcement.   An individual is most likely to learn criminal behavior during the adolescent stage.   Children tend to follow the actions of the same sex parents (Bjorkqvist, K., 1997).   Studies have shown that children who tend to watch TV (especially those programs that show violence) are at a higher risk of demonstrating aggressive behavior later in life. References: Bjorkqvist, K. (1997). Learning aggression from Models: from a social Learning toward a Cognitive theory of Modeling. In Feshbach, S., Zagrodzka, J. (Ed), Aggression: Biological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives, New York: Plenum Press. http://www.vasa.abo.fi/svf/up/articles/Learning_Aggression_From_Models.PDF Boeree, G. C. (1998). Albert Bandura: Personality Theory. Retrieved December 26, 2006, From Shippensburg University Web site: http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html Boeree, G. C. (1998). B. F. Skinner: Personality Theory. Retrieved December 26, 2006, From Shippensburg University Web site: http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/skinner.html    Braslau-Schneck, S. (1998). An Animal Trainers Introduction to Operant and Classical Conditioning. Retrieved December 26, 2006, Stacys Wag and Train   Web site: http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/ Isom, M. D. (1998).   The Social Learning Theory. Retrieved December 26, 2006, FSU College of Criminology and Criminal Justice Web site: http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/bandura.htm